When a child turns 3 years old, both parents and the baby themselves face tremendous changes. This is the famous crisis of three years, and a possible acquaintance with kindergarten, and for the first time truly meaningful behavior.
The pace of development of children is individual. Some three-year-olds already speak fluently, show interest in learning and strive for complete independence. Other children at the same age do not develop as actively, but this is not a deviation at all. However, there are general standards for what a 3-year-old child should be able to do. And if you are worried about whether your baby is developing in a timely manner, follow these standards and, most likely, you will make sure that everything is fine with your child!
Content:
- Basic skills of a child at 3 years old
- Physical development: main indicators Height and weight
- Physical skills
- Motor skills
Basic skills of a child at 3 years old
What a child should be able to do at the age of three - basic standards:
- understand simple cause-and-effect relationships, for example, “fell in a puddle - got dirty”;
- begin to strive for independence: try to dress yourself or with minimal help from an adult;
- actively expand your vocabulary, use complex sentences in speech, for example: “We didn’t go for a walk because it was raining outside”;
- know the basic colors and the words that these colors represent;
- recognize obstacles in the area - for example, steps, curbs - and overcome them;
- be able to show emotions and control emotions, show empathy;
- understand the meaning of the words “mine” or “his/her”
- play role-playing games - for example, “teacher-student”, “doctor-patient”.
Games for children from 3 years old
Omelette. Cut out a circle the size of a plate from yellow colored paper and fold it in half. This is an omelette. We fill it with various little things (for example, old photographs, unexpected pictures, fragrant flower petals, raisins or coins for good luck). We serve the omelette on a plate and treat each other.
We empty our wallet. We pour all the coins from the wallet onto the table and sort them.
Let's hum. One of the players begins to hum a melody. Others should recognize her.
Birds fly high. Players drum their fingers on the edge of the table. Everyone takes turns naming an animal. If it flies, everyone raises their hands; if it doesn’t fly, they continue to drum. If someone makes a mistake, he gives away his forfeit.
We draw on fabric. We use textile paints to paint fabric, for example, an old T-shirt or a sheet.
Blind chicken. With our eyes closed, we try to walk from one room to another without hitting anything.
Laughing is prohibited. We are trying to make our friend laugh by telling him all sorts of nonsense. His job is to stay serious. Who will last longer?
Running with an “egg”. We put a ping pong ball on a teaspoon and run around the entire apartment, trying to keep the ball on the spoon.
Chatterboxes. Let's talk quickly. Who can do it longer?
We glue the collage. We tear newspaper or magazine pages into pieces. From this we glue a colored collage.
Who will blow next? We blow on the bottle caps so that they fly off as far as possible.
Blot pictures. Spray ink onto paper. Fold the paper with the blot inward, then unfold it again. Draw a picture from the prints.
We depict a snake . The more players, the better. We run around the apartment one after another, doing the same movements. The guide tells the players what they should do, such as crawl around the table or tumble around the room.
“Inflating” the pictures. Spray different paints on the paper, adding more water. Blowing through a straw produces multi-colored spots.
We dress up thematically. Prince and princess: We glue crowns from gold paper and put on a cloak. Astronaut: we make a helmet from a cardboard box, an oxygen tank from plastic bottles. Firefighter: colander as a helmet, dad’s jacket and belt, vacuum cleaner hose, etc.
Veterinary hospital. We put soft toys in bed and treat them: bandage them, give medications, measure the temperature, apply compresses, etc.
Let's keep our balance. With arms extended to the sides, we walk, like a tightrope walker, along the very edge of the carpet or a jump rope stretched out on the floor.
We score goals. Place the pan on the floor. Or we use bottles to mark gates on the floor. From a certain distance we throw ping-pong balls. Each hit earns a point.
Forfeit. We collect forfeits from the players. We ask others: “What should the player who owns this forfeit do?”
Let's play ice cream parlor . Fill a yogurt cup with fruit juice, yogurt, etc. and freeze it. Decorate the ice cream and serve.
Ping pong in the room. We sit on the floor. Using cardboard, hit the ping pong ball against the wall.
Physical development: main indicators
The physical development of a child is assessed according to three main criteria: height and weight, physical abilities, and motor skills.
Height and weight
The height and weight of two children at the age of three can differ significantly - these physical parameters depend on hereditary factors and, to a lesser extent, on the child's gender and lifestyle. In pediatrics, the “golden mean” for the weight of a three-year-old is considered to be 15 kilograms, for height - 95 centimeters .
If your baby’s height is 10% less than the standard 95 centimeters, this is not a cause for concern, but, most likely, a personal developmental feature. But if your son or daughter’s height at 3 years is less than 85 centimeters, you should think about eliminating negative factors: try to adjust the baby’s diet and organize reasonable physical activity for the child, after consulting with a doctor.
In the weight parameters for a three-year-old child, deviations of 20% are allowed in both directions from 15 kilograms. If the baby’s weight is less than 12 or more than 18 kilograms, you may need to reconsider the diet, taking into account the recommendations of pediatricians.
Physical skills
Basic physical skills of a three-year-old:
- knows the terrain well enough, remembers familiar routes;
- draws and makes simple appliqués himself;
- knows how to ride a tricycle:
- claps his hands and stomps his feet well;
- With the help of his parents, he assembles quite complex construction sets, and also puts together multi-part puzzles with outside help.
Motor skills
By the age of three, the child’s motor activity develops noticeably even compared to the period of several months preceding the third birthday. Basic motor skills of a child at three years old:
- maintains balance while standing on one leg;
- climbs and descends stairs without assistance;
- plays various ball games;
- runs, rarely stumbling and falling;
- repeats simple dance movements: jumps, rises on tiptoes.
Sports
Physical development is as important for a baby as intellectual development. This is due to the fact that when the child goes to school, he will not only have physical education lessons, in which he must complete all the tasks for agility, strength and endurance, but also outdoor games with classmates during breaks. if for some reason the child is unable to take part in them, then the number of his possible friends risks being reduced.
Every morning, start with simple exercises, including exercises to warm up your muscles, stretching and the obligatory light jogging.
Kids love sports activities very much.
If you have a daughter, then include a variety of dances in the program - usually little ones like them, while boys prefer ball games and jumping.
Be sure to use exercise equipment: jump ropes, a variety of balls, children's dumbbells, bright hoops and gymnastic mats - all this will help the child perform the exercise with greater quality and pleasure, while reducing the risk of injury.
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Development of fine motor skills
The fine motor skills of a three-year-old are becoming more and more perfect. The child develops previous skills and acquires new ones:
- enjoys repeating finger gymnastics exercises;
- reinforces speech with gestures, and if the baby is emotional, gestures can be very active;
- builds buildings of different sizes and configurations from cubes;
- learns to use scissors and can cut out simple shapes from paper;
- knows how to sculpt simple structures from plasticine: flagella, balls;
- confidently grasps and holds objects;
- opens loose caps on bottles.
Changing clothes
Dressing up is a kind of ritual of turning into another person, trying on not just someone else’s clothes, but new character traits. A very useful activity from a psychological point of view. There is another advantage in such a game - the development of taste, sense of style, and the ability to harmoniously select accessories. Agree, it will be very useful in life. Why not teach this from childhood? Moreover, both boys and girls will be happy to look at themselves in the mirror and come up with new images.
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Another option is to arrange a funny home photo shoot, print postcards and give them to relatives.
Development of hearing, vision, touch, taste
The hearing of three-year-old children requires especially careful attention. At this age, children often catch colds, which can lead to otitis media and, as a consequence, hearing impairment.
In order not to harm your child’s hearing, be sure to teach him to breathe through his nose and not his mouth, treat a runny nose in a timely manner and try to avoid sudden changes in temperature.
The vision of three-year-old children is not yet sharp enough compared to children of older preschool age. Vision is fully formed only by 6-7 years. You should not try to teach your child to read as early as possible - children's vision is ready for reading only at the age of five . Of course, you can show books to a three-year-old, but the books must use large font. To preserve fragile children's vision, reduce your child's contact with the phone, computer, and TV.
At 3 years old, children’s sense of touch is well developed: they distinguish between cold and hot water, warm and cold wind, rough and smooth surfaces. The taste buds of a three-year-old child are developed in the same way as those of an adult. It distinguishes between sweet, bitter, sour and salty tastes, preferring sweets.
What to do with a 3 year old child at home (games)
You are probably wondering what to do with a 3-year-old child at home and what educational toys can be used for 3-year-old children:
Balloon
What you need
Small paper plates Wooden sticks Balloons (any size) Jump rope
What to do
Take small paper plates and attach them to wooden sticks to create "tennis rackets." Blow up the balloon behind the "ball". Use the jump rope to split the "court" in half and see how many times you can throw the balloon over the line before it hits the ground.
A fun variation of this game is to use the racket plate to see how long you can both keep the balloon in the air. Or, if there are other kids around, get them all involved and play tennis with two or three.
Homemade twister
What you need
Ribbon Scissors made of colored paper
What to do
Create your own twister game for you and your family! First, cut out large squares of red, blue, yellow and green paper and glue them to the floor. Then, using the same colors, cut out the shape of the arm and leg.
You can then draw shapes at random to indicate direction. For example, when your child chooses a card with a yellow hand on it, they can easily interpret that they should place their hand on the yellow square. For more advanced children, you can add "right" or "left" to the instructions.
Collage of leaves
What you need
Clear plastic sticky back Leaves or petals (or construction paper) Baby scissors
What to do
Developmental activity for children aged 3 years and older: create a collage of leaves to hang in the window. Cut two sheets of clear adhesive plastic to the desired size (30cm square is good). Peel back the paper to reveal the sticky side of one sheet and apply to leaves and petals of different sizes and colors. Then peel and place another sheet of plastic with a sticky back over it. Now you have a collage to hang in your window. This also works with cut pieces of paper if leaves are not always available.
Tiny ships
What you need
Walnuts Toothpick Paper Modeling clay
What to do
Using walnut shells, your child can create boats that actually float. Take a clean half shell and place a small amount of modeling clay in the bottom. Stick a toothpick into the clay. Cut out a small square sail from paper and attach it to a toothpick. Place it in water and watch it float.
Private picnic
What you need
Tablecloth, sheet or blanket Picnic basket or canvas bag Plates and napkins Snacks
What to do
On those long winter days when you can't get outside, your little one will love having an indoor picnic. Your child can help you pack a basket or bag full of easy-to-eat foods such as sandwiches, chopped fruits and vegetables, and oat bars.
What to do with a 3-year-old child at home: together you can lay out a tablecloth or sheet on the floor and lay out plates and napkins. Then sit down and enjoy a wonderful picnic together. For added fun, imagine all the things you would see around you if you were having a picnic in nature. Just be careful that an imaginary squirrel doesn't steal your sandwiches!
Child 3 years old video:
Norms of speech development
A three-year-old child already has a fairly rich vocabulary: at least 1000 words. The clarity of speech at this age is not yet impeccable: the baby may distort words and have difficulty pronouncing individual sounds correctly. A three-year-old is already able to reason in a simple form about an object or event he saw.
A 3-year-old child does not speak or speaks little: what to do?
At three years old, a child’s speech skills are sufficiently developed to be able to communicate with other people. Normally, by the age of three years, a child has the following speech skills:
- understands the questions asked and answers them;
- knows his first and last name well;
- speech becomes coherent, resembling a story: one sentence follows from another;
- describes the picture he saw, paying attention to details;
- retells short tales and stories.
Children who speak almost or not at all by the age of three are quite common. The famous Russian pediatrician Evgeniy Komarovsky advises parents whose children at 3 years of age do not yet speak to pay attention to the type of stubborn silence: is the child silent because he does not understand the speech of those around him, or does the baby understand everything, but says nothing?
If a child shows signs of understanding without using words, perhaps silence is his personal trait. Three-year-old silent children, according to pediatrician statistics, are more common among boys—for every one non-talking girl, there are four such boys. According to the same statistics, at least 7% of children aged three years do not speak at all.
In any case, if a three-year-old child does not speak at all, you need to visit a pediatrician with him. Based on the examination results, the doctor will recommend ways to solve the problem or refer you to specialized specialists.
Barber shop, beauty salon game
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Some children can spend a long time combing dolls, doing their hair, makeup, and painting their nails. Give your fashionista a small beauty salon at home, and joy will know no bounds. If you like someone to comb you, you can become a “client” of the master yourself. By the way, boys grow up to be excellent stylists, so don’t be afraid to give them a hairdryer and rubber bands.
Communication skills and emotional sphere
A three-year-old child needs to communicate with peers more than before. The child is already learning to manage emotions and trying to resolve conflicts peacefully. At the same time, the three-year-old feels an urgent need to express his “I”, which leads to capricious behavior towards parents and other close people. Closer to four years, the child begins to understand other people's emotions, learns to control himself and excessive whims disappear.
The emotional sphere of three-year-old children is actively developing: they begin to fantasize. The guys with the richest imagination even surprise others with stories of their own creation. Normally, an emotionally developed child at 3 years old strives to repeat the actions he likes after other people, and knows how to express likes and dislikes.
Home huts
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You don't have to buy an expensive wigwam or pitch a tent in the center of the living room to keep your baby busy with play. Build a house from scrap materials.
spim.ru
A hut made of blankets is a simple and at the same time ingenious invention for a child or a group of children. Hang a garland, dim the lights - that's romance. In such a house you will probably want to read a book, hug each other, and tell in a half-whisper an invented horror story or adventure story. You can even have an overnight picnic.
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You can make or order very cute wigwams yourself that will fit into the interior of any children's room. If you take care of a warm bedding, you can even sometimes allow the child to sleep in such a house.
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Mental development
Along with the crisis of three years comes the age of “why”. The child asks adults about everything in the world, compares the answers, and draws conclusions.
The pace of mental development in different children may differ depending on the child’s personal abilities and the involvement of adults in the development process. Intellectual development at the age of three is considered normal if the child can:
- distinguish 4-8 colors;
- examine the object not only as a whole, but also notice details;
- do not be distracted too often, concentrate on one activity;
- make simple plans, for example: “in the morning we will go to kindergarten, and in the evening you will take me home”;
- count to five;
- find answers to children's riddles;
- operate with the concepts of “more-less” and find other differences between objects;
- memorize simple poems and songs;
- distinguish basic geometric shapes from each other - circle, triangle, rectangle, square - and name them.
Cognitive development
Children's cognitive skills include the development of perception, attention, memory, and thinking. The speed of cognitive development is influenced by the child’s exploration of the world around him: the more the baby interacts with different objects and the more he observes different phenomena, the better his cognitive abilities develop.
It is important for three-year-old children to experience the world in practice, which is why it is so important to reinforce the child’s personal experience with explanations from an adult. For example, explain the difference between opposing concepts (“narrow path - wide road”), encourage the child’s desire to analyze situations and events, and focus on specific details of objects.
At the age of three years, a child, with the help of perception, forms an idea of the properties of objects. He learns to compare the sizes and shapes of objects, knows the purpose of different things and uses them correctly.
The baby's attention becomes stable: he focuses on an interesting activity for 10-20 minutes, does not let several objects out of his sight at the same time. But a three-year-old can still get distracted quite easily.
Memory at three years of age is involuntary: a child remembers information that is interesting to him, but it is not yet easy for a child to learn something specifically.
Although the child can already establish cause-and-effect relationships, his thinking is still limited to the present time. A three-year-old child evaluates the situation “here and now,” but as the child learns about the world, his ability to analyze gradually develops. At the age of 3, children especially clearly feel the joy of a discoverer, and the more events that happen around the young explorer, the better his thinking develops .
Hide and seek
Brain development occurs through movement. It is important for a child to move in space. This is how he masters in practice the concepts of “higher”, “lower”, “closer”, “further”, “to the right”, “to the left”. And the easiest way to understand this is through your own body.
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- Why you need to play hide and seek with children: games for kids 2-3 years old
Independence, self-care skills
Young children are not yet able to take care of themselves completely, but by the age of three, the child should already have some self-service skills:
- undress and dress with little assistance;
- put on shoes or at least try to put on shoes on your own;
- wash your face and brush your teeth;
- use cutlery;
- fulfill simple everyday requests: put away toys, put things in their place, put a cup on the table.
Daily routine and care for a three-year-old child
The baby becomes very active, and it is important to adhere to a daily routine so that the child has enough strength. Of course, the routine of a child who goes to kindergarten will differ from the routine of a child who does not attend preschool, but an approximate daily routine for three-year-olds could be like this:
| 07.00 | Climb |
| 07.30 | Hygiene procedures, exercise |
| 08.00 | Breakfast |
| 08.30 | Educational games and activities, help with everyday life |
| 10.00 | Walk |
| 12.00 | Dinner |
| 12.30 | Daytime nap |
| 15.00 | Awakening |
| 15.30 | Afternoon snack |
| 16.00 | Outdoor and educational games |
| 18.00 | Walk |
| 19.00 | Dinner |
| 19.30 | Quiet activities |
| 20.30 | Hygiene procedures |
| 21.00 | Night sleep |
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Making slime
I didn’t make slime today, perhaps only because I was lazy. Try our 10 DIY slime recipes to bring joy to your child and keep him occupied with an exciting activity.
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Be sure to follow safety precautions, make sure your child does not put anything in their mouth, wash their hands thoroughly, and use only safe ingredients. Don't leave kids unattended!
How to determine the developmental delay of a child at 3 years old?
Signs that may indicate problems with the baby's development:
- he is not interested in communication - neither with adults nor with other children;
- does not play with toys, does not show curiosity about unfamiliar objects;
- does not even recognize familiar objects;
- cannot even minimally control the expression of emotions;
- does not understand the speech of others.
If you notice similar signs in your child, contact your pediatrician.
Bubble
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Soap bubbles are loved by children of all ages. They can be used at home, or combined with bathing. In the article Do-it-yourself soap bubbles: recipes and tips, we dwelt in detail on mixtures and devices for blowing soap bubbles yourself.
After studying the article Top 10 tricks with soap bubbles for children, you can organize a soap show without leaving your apartment.
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Give your child a place where he can play with soapy liquid without fear - and he will be occupied for at least 15-20 minutes. You can first cover the floor with oilcloth or move to a tiled floor so that you can easily clean everything up later.
How to help a child develop correctly?
It is possible and necessary to help a three-year-old child develop - despite the desire for independence, children at this age willingly accept help from adults. Especially if this help is presented in the form of a game.
How to help three-year-old children develop important skills and abilities in accordance with the recommendations of teachers:
- Ask your child to tell you in detail how his day went. This technique trains memory better than special educational games.
- Resist in offering help. The less outside help, the faster the three-year-old will learn independence.
- Use your fingers to learn to count within five, and a little later - up to ten.
- In toys, give preference to pyramids, cubes, puzzles - they perfectly develop the skills of attentiveness, perseverance and spatial thinking.
- If there are no health contraindications, introduce your son or daughter to sports. Swimming is especially suitable - a universal way to maintain health, form beautiful posture, and strengthen all muscle groups.
Do not worry about the development and safety of your child, especially when he is away from you or home. Three years and going to kindergarten is a great reason to buy your baby his first GPS watch. With them and the “Where are my children” application, you will always know where your child is and what is happening around him.
Games
Play is the most important activity for a three-year-old child. At this age, the child enjoys the process exclusively, without setting a goal to learn new things. But parents can offer their son or daughter games that will help children's development.
Examples of educational games for three years:
- Games with water. Kids love to be in contact with water - help your little ones create their own water world. You can include bowls, glasses, a colander, and a spray bottle in the game and show how to play with water using these items. Water games develop imagination, coordination, and fine motor skills.
- Finger games. Classes with elements of finger gymnastics, like no other, develop fine motor skills.
- Modeling from plasticine or salt dough. Modeling helps develop creativity and fine motor skills.
- Games with cubes of different shapes and sizes. While building with cubes, reaction speed develops, the baby remembers colors and shapes, learns to compare objects and masters counting.
- Puzzles and mosaics. Starting with simple options, move on to more complex ones with more details. Puzzles and mosaics develop the ability to concentrate, develop imagination and fine motor skills.
Another feature of this period of child development is the three-year crisis. It is not simple. But you need to survive it, showing patience and helping the baby develop. And when the difficulties are left behind, the child will become an excellent conversationalist, play partner and best friend for his parents!
A child is two years old: advice from a neuropsychologist
: Reading time:
An article by the neuropsychologist of our Center, Irina Anatolyevna Salnikova, in the magazine “Preschool Health Worker” (7, 2015) on the topic “A child is two years old: advice from a neuropsychologist.”
When a child turns two years old, an important period begins in the life of the family. Your baby has become an “adult”, he has his own opinion, he already knows a lot and is very inquisitive, i.e. actively strives to understand the world around him. And this requires a lot of patience and attention from parents.
As a rule, during this period, following the child’s activity, parents begin to intensively develop his cognitive skills (logical thinking, memory, speech), attending various developmental classes or conducting classes at home. However, we must remember: everything has its time and it is important not to overdo it, otherwise the proverb “If you hurry, you make people laugh” will be true. For example, the baby already knows many letters, but does not know how to eat on his own with a spoon or dress himself. A child develops in stages, and each period in development is very important and is associated with the knowledge, skills and abilities that he can acquire at a particular age. It should also be noted that developmental standards apply to most children, but not to all, because the development of each child is individual and depends on many factors. Therefore, dear parents, do not worry if at the moment your baby does not know how to do something, because only with the help of adults, i.e. you, he is studying.
Motor development involves assessing motor skills. At this age, the coordination and consistency of the child’s movements come to the fore, i.e. The better the baby can control and manage his body, the easier it is for him to explore the world around him and master new activities.
By the age of two, the child:
- knows how to walk, run (walks well in all directions, on uneven paths, steps over grooves, climbs hillocks);
- knows how to go up and down stairs, touching each step with one foot;
- knows how to jump (jumps up, jumps through a hoop or an obstacle lying on the ground);
- can kick the ball, throw it in a certain direction (for example, to another participant in the game or at the target), catch the ball with both hands;
- able to maintain balance on the crossbar;
- can ride a tricycle;
- can draw a vertical line;
- can build a tower or house from 4–6 cubes;
- knows how to cut paper while holding scissors with one hand;
- independently performs motor actions with objects on wheels (gurneys, cars, etc.).
The main goal at this stage is to continue to provide the child with freedom to practice coordination and develop dexterity. Closer attention should be paid to the development of fine motor skills. This is due to the fact that at this age there is a direct relationship between the development of small hand movements and the development of speech. In other words, by developing a child’s fine motor skills, you thereby contribute to the development of his speech.
At two years old, the following games and tasks can be offered.
- Learn to throw and catch a ball, throw it against a wall.
- Depict animal movements as shown by mother (jump like a bunny, wave your arms like a bird, stomp loudly like an elephant, crawl like a boa constrictor, etc.).
- Move around the room without touching objects scattered on the floor (for example, pillows), gradually increasing the pace and number of objects (like a labyrinth).
- Carry large but not heavy items (for example, a highchair, a light box of toys).
- Walking along a winding line drawn on the floor (or a strip of paper) develops coordination.
- Game "Catch the Sun Bunny". Play with the sunbeam that mom lets out.
- Collective outdoor games: dance in a round dance, run like a train after each other (children hold on to each other), games of “catch up”, wolf and hare, etc.
- Climb on sports walls at home, on playgrounds.
- Draw (with finger paints, crayons, pencils).
- Sculpt, make appliqués.
- Play with frame inserts.
- Learn to unfasten buttons, zippers, buttons (if you are interested and succeed, then fasten them).
- Take off socks, hat, gloves, learn to take off and put on other clothes.
- Pour / pour cereal / water into different vessels, learn to use a funnel, a jug, a teapot from children's dishes, a watering can for pouring / pouring.
- Play with mosaics, Lego, and other constructors.
Various pyramids, insert frames, sorters and many other games are still relevant for the development of fine motor skills - it all depends on your imagination and capabilities.
Cognitive development considers the characteristics of mental processes (memory, attention, speech, thinking, perception). At this age, the leading mental process is speech, which significantly influences the intellectual development of the child as a whole. Remember how your baby is interested in the names of certain objects, tries to repeat various words and actions after you - this is how he learns about the world around him and its features. Psychologists call the period from one and a half to three years sensitive, i.e. sensitive for active speech development. At this age, the brain structures responsible for speech are most susceptible to the influence of an environment that promotes the acquisition of the native language.
At two years old, a baby can usually:
- distinguish objects that are contrasting in shape, color and size;
- navigate 4-5 colors, shades and name some of them;
- distinguish 4–6 geometric shapes and name some of them upon request;
- assemble a children's pyramid consisting of 4–8 rings and a four-part matryoshka doll;
- match planar geometric shapes to volumetric shapes and vice versa;
- fold a cut picture from 2-3 parts (cuts horizontally and vertically);
- find an object based on its characteristics (soft, hard);
- create a simple mosaic pattern;
- understand words denoting the number of objects, for example, “two”, “three”, etc. and relate the number to real objects;
- freely navigate in a familiar room;
- be neat and adhere to the rules of personal hygiene (brush teeth, wash hands, etc.);
- notice changes in the weather and name them;
- actively participate in cleaning the apartment, caring for animals and plants;
- recognize characters by onomatopoeia, for example, “mu-mu”, “woof-woof”, etc.;
- correctly pronounce all speech sounds (there may be exceptions in the pronunciation of hissing and whistling sounds, as well as the sounds [r] and [l]);
- name objects, actions, qualities;
- use all parts of speech (except participles and gerunds);
- tell fairy tales, poems, short stories about events from your life, animals, etc.;
- repeat words and phrases after an adult;
- remember the words of songs, dance movements;
- understand what is shown in a picture or illustration, and look for a real object upon request;
- create simple drawings (various lines located in one or several directions).
In general, at this age it is important to talk a lot with the child, telling and showing various properties of objects, since only with the help of an adult can a child master the above skills. However, it should be remembered that the leading activity of a small child is play, so all developmental activities should be carried out in a free play form.
Observe what is interesting to your baby now: he wants to draw or play with cars, dolls and, following his interests, get involved in the game, for example, show him a red cube and offer to build a tower only from red cubes, etc.
You can also offer your child the following games and tasks:
- Putting together elementary puzzles or cut-out pictures from 2-4 pieces (this skill develops gradually and becomes more developed closer to three years; at first, the mother helps the child).
- Learn to match - play the games “Who eats what?”, “Where is whose house?”, “Where is whose tail?” (with cards or in pictures in books and manuals).
- Play riddles - the mother describes an object or animal in the simplest form, the child guesses it from the description (for example: “Small, fluffy, with long white ears, jumps like that and eats carrots. Who is it?”; “Who says: “Moo?” -mu“ and gives milk?”, etc.).
- Stack several nesting dolls and cups into each other.
- Build a tower from cubes and cups.
- Learn to classify objects according to a general characteristic (for example: cards with pictures of toys, food, animals are laid out in front of the child). The child is asked to put them into appropriate groups (for example, toys in a box, food in a “refrigerator”, animals in a “house”). At first, the child learns to lay out objects with the active help of his mother. In order for the training to be successful, it is better to play with the same set of objects for a long time (for example, to start with sorting cards of only toys and food for a long time).
- Games with a simple construction set and other suitable objects (toys, pasta, buttons, beads, etc.) by type: find objects, figures of the same shape; find objects, figures of the same color; find objects, figures of the same size; find the same figures but in size, thickness and other characteristics.
- Play “find” - an adult asks the child to find some object in the room (“Find where your teddy bear is, where the red cube is”), on the street (we look through the window - “Find where the dog is walking? Find the red car!” "), search in a picture in a book, etc. You can play anytime, anywhere.
- Play hide and seek with the child (hide so that the baby can easily find it, prompt the child by calling him with your voice).
- Search for what is missing. The child remembers the pictures (toys) laid out on the table and guesses which picture the mother hid. Memorizing objects is carried out in a playful way - an adult tells a fairy tale about objects that are laid out on the table; listening, the child manages to remember its characters well. After this, mom takes one of them and asks: “Who is missing?”
- Say what has appeared. The game is played on the same principle as the previous one, but the object is not hidden, but added. You need to determine which toy mom added.
- Together with the mother, remember what the child did yesterday, in the morning, some time ago, what events happened on the street (which friends were out today, what toys they had, etc.).
Social development includes the child’s ability to communicate with other people (adults, peers). At two years of age, the baby's social contacts are enriched based on ongoing cognitive development and familiarization with the environment.
So, by the age of two, the child:
- shows a need for the benevolent attention of an adult and communication with him (the baby does not want to let his mother go anywhere, he waits for her approval and attention);
- expects adult communication regarding actions with objects, implementation of play plans, discovery of new properties of familiar objects and experimentation with them;
- expresses his will in situations “I want” or “I don’t want”, but easily responds to an adult’s persuasion to show a little patience, to give in on something, i.e. to find a compromise;
- in many play situations, he shows not only his own initiative, but also a willingness to follow an adult and obey his demands;
- begins to show some restraint, the ability to wait a little, i.e. some ability for basic independence and self-organization;
- can enter into short contact with peers (observes the actions of other children, tries to imitate them, can share a toy);
- recognizes himself, familiar adults and children in photographs, remembers their names (mother Masha, grandmother Lena, etc.);
- knows his name, can call himself. For example, to the question: “Who did this?” can answer in the third person: “Masha did”;
- begins to understand his gender identity: boy or girl.
At this age it is important:
- draw the child’s attention to other children, awaken interest and sympathy for other children (“Look, what a girl! Let’s get to know her! What’s your name?”);
- meet peers on the playground, encourage them to play together - swing on a swing together, play in the sandbox, etc. At this age, children will not be able to play together independently; for this they must be helped by an adult;
- teach to exchange toys, respect the property of others, respect your right to play with your toy;
- teach to feel sorry for another and empathize with his grief (to feel sorry for a boy who has fallen and is crying, etc.).
Thus, by the age of two, the baby knows a lot and begins to show independence, but is still very attached to his parents, therefore, for harmonious development, he needs the attention, approval and care of his parents even during the learning process. Therefore, in the process of development, education and upbringing of a child, it is important to adhere to the following principles:
- notice even the smallest achievements of the “young researcher” and sincerely praise them for them;
- conduct developmental activities in a playful way, since the leading activity at this age is play;
- There should be enough toys, but not too many - the main thing is not the quantity, but the quality of the game. At this age, the main thing for the baby is that the parent plays with him. Therefore, even if he has only three toys, but his parents play and talk with him, the development process will go much faster compared to the situation when the child has a whole room littered with toys, but he plays with them alone. In addition, a large number of toys provokes a problem of choice and makes it difficult for the child to concentrate during class (he will be distracted);
- when choosing games and toys for activities, proceed from the interests of the child at this moment. For example, if he is interested in cars, you can take different colors, sizes and on this material, for example, study colors, shapes, purpose (truck, car, transport). Toys, games, books should be bright to attract the child’s attention, and located in a place accessible to him;
- engage in development when the child wants and can, and, most importantly, how he wants. Any skill (memory, thinking, speech, etc.) can be developed in many ways and there is always something that is interesting to the child now (for example, if he doesn’t want to draw now, you can replace this activity with modeling, design, which also develops fine motor skills, perception, speech);
- don’t be equal to your peers: everyone has their own abilities and capabilities, and even if your baby doesn’t know how to do something now, like most of his peers, it’s okay, because he can do something else, and he’ll learn this a little later. Remember: the pace of development of each child is individual;
- develop any skill from simple to complex. For example, learning to distinguish colors can be divided into the following stages: a) studying one color on an object material (for example, cubes - find the same color as mine) when choosing first from two colors, then from three, etc.; b) studying the same color in pictures by analogy with the previous stage; c) color designation: “What color is this cube?”
And only then do we begin to study another color, etc.
So, at two years old, a child develops everywhere and always, one might even say around the clock, so a lot depends on your imagination and desire to devote time, and then everything will work out for your baby.
