Certificate for children
Learning to read is one of the most important tasks for a preschooler. Having mastered this skill, the child will be able to independently explore the world with the help of books and find answers to his questions.
Development and education of children from 2 to 11 years old in a playful way
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However, this is not so easy to learn. We suggest using game techniques that will help turn a difficult learning process into an exciting quest.
Literacy cards
Each exercise consists of a short sentence and five tasks required to complete. A sentence is a short text. There are usually no problems with reading and understanding it. Sentence texts are not repeated; they are easy to come up with yourself.
The question is often asked: why repeat a sentence you read? Children who are beginning to read concentrate on the reading process itself, poorly understanding the content. Setting the stage for repetition after reading helps, from our point of view, to include understanding of the text.
The first time you need to do the exercise together. And then be sure to check the correctness of execution and sort out errors (if any). This is another plus: you learn the techniques of independent work. The longest word is determined by the number of letters.
The card looks like this.
In any editor, you can change the sentence, leaving the assignments. Get a new card. For example.
Lisa drew a picture.
Exercise.
1. Read the sentence and repeat it out loud.
2. Copy the longest word
3. Count how many words are in the sentence and write it in the empty square.
4. Divide the words into syllables.
5. In each word, place a red dot with a felt-tip pen under the vowels, a blue dot under the hard consonants, and a green dot under the soft consonants.
Example of completing a (partial) task
Literacy training in the senior group
It is at the age of 5-6 years that children usually begin to actively teach literacy and spend time developing speech: distinguishing sounds and letters, reading individual words and sentences, putting emphasis.
Preschoolers learn to find the right words to name objects in pictures, make sentences, and draw diagrams of words.
Children also train and prepare their hands for writing: they draw and paint a lot, shade, trace the contours of objects, and learn to write letters little by little.
Preparing children to learn to read and write: modern approaches in the context of the Federal State Educational Standard for preschool education
Preparing children to learn to read and write: modern approaches
in the context of the Federal State Educational Standard for preschool education
Preparing children for learning to read and write occupies a special place in the development of children's speech, in the development of awareness, intentionality and arbitrariness of children's speech. Children's interest in reading and the social order of parents leads teachers to expand educational services in preschool educational organizations (PEO).
A modern teacher is concerned about the problem of teaching a child to read and write in a preschool setting. At what age and to what extent is this available to him? What is the best way to solve these problems? In kindergartens, a negative trend was observed when work on teaching literacy overshadows work on the general speech development of children, when excessive demands are placed on children in terms of their reading technique, or training is carried out inappropriately for their age (through school), and there is no connection between the process of speech development and preparation for literacy training.
In accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for preschool education, the content of the Program of a preschool educational organization must ensure the development of the personality, motivation and abilities of children in various types of activities and cover the following structural units representing certain areas of development and education of children (educational areas):
social and communicative development;
cognitive development;
speech development;
artistic and aesthetic development;
physical development
(clause 2.6. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 17, 2013 N 1155 “On approval of the federal state educational standard for preschool education”)
Speech development includes:
- mastery of speech as a means of communication and culture;
- enrichment of the active vocabulary;
- development of coherent, grammatically correct dialogical and monologue speech;
- development of speech creativity;
- development of sound and intonation culture of speech, phonemic hearing;
- acquaintance with book culture, children's literature, listening comprehension of texts of various genres of children's literature;
- formation of sound analytical-synthetic activity as a prerequisite for learning to read and write
.
The task of preparing for literacy in a preschool educational organization is one of the prerequisites within the framework of the tasks of speech development.
Preparation for learning to read and write is the first (initial, preparatory) stage in the process of direct learning to write and read.
Prerequisites for literacy training:
— physiological (level of brain maturation, fine motor skills of fingers and hands);
— psychological (level of formation of mental processes, including oral speech);
— pedagogical (the degree of pedagogically competent assistance to the child’s psycho-speech development).
Components of literacy readiness:
- a sufficient level of intellectual and general speech development, ideas about the phenomena of language and speech;
- developed speech hearing and phonemic perception (prevention of dysgraphia and dyslexia);
- correct sound pronunciation (clear articulation of sounds);
- developed flexible and precise hand movements, developed eye, sense of rhythm.
Patterns of mastering reading and writing, prerequisites for learning to read and write, the presence of a developed and tested methodology, data on the positive impact on the development of children allow us to highlight the content of the work on preparing preschoolers for learning to read and write:
- familiarizing children with the word, isolating the word as an independent semantic unit from the stream of speech;
- familiarization with the proposal and its verbal composition;
- dividing sentences into words and composing (2-4) sentences from words;
- dividing syllables (of 2-3 syllables) into parts and composing words from syllables;
- familiarization with the sound structure of words, the formation of skills in sound analysis and synthesis of words: determining the number, sequence of sounds in a word and composing words with certain sounds, understanding the semantic role of the phoneme.
The main thing in this work is the formation of the ability to analyze the sound composition of words
, because the process of reading and writing is associated with the translation of graphic representations of phonemes into oral speech and vice versa.
Children learn:
- recognize, distinguish and isolate individual sounds from words, determine their position in a word (beginning, middle, end of the word);
- analyze the articulation of sounds (vowel-consonant, hard-soft, voiced-voiceless);
- establish the sequence of sounds in words.
The teacher must follow the same conventions as the school when working with sounds (vowel sounds are indicated in red, hard consonants in blue, soft consonants in green).
A letter (a visual image or a sound sign) is introduced after the sound (the letter is shown as capital and lowercase in printed form, in black). Next, work is carried out to consolidate the image of the letter (noisy letters, different fonts, sizes, they can be painted, shaded, sculpted, designed, etc.).
The concept of a sentence is also given through a visual image - diagrams (a long strip of paper is a sentence, short strips are words).
Stages of literacy learning:
Stage 1 – pre-letter (preparation for learning to read and write): work with sounds, syllables, words, sentences.
Stage 2 – vowel sounds and letters (6 sounds and 10 letters indicating vowel sounds).
Stage 3 – consonant sounds and letters (+ 4 vowels), formation of the reading mechanism.
This is done for continuity with the school.
. Why is it important?
Reading and writing are skills = complex (equivalent words).
Skills are a powerful concept for a child; they are vital for a child to adapt, to survive, to comprehend the world around him.
Skills vary in content (cultural and hygienic, self-service, artistic and aesthetic, etc.). This huge group of skills includes reading and writing. Therefore, you need to know the laws of their formation, and to understand and master them takes time. On average, any skill is formed initially
in 3 months (brush teeth, eat, drive a car), and
is consolidated
within 3 years (this will already be at school).
But reading and writing is not just a skill, but a very complex skill. After preparation for teaching literacy, literacy in school will improve in quality.
Research by scientists has made it possible to establish the most optimal (sensitive) timing for starting literacy training.
A five-year-old child has special sensitivity and receptivity to the sound side of speech, therefore this age is the most favorable for beginning preparation for learning to write and read. Children aged six years show a special interest in reading and master it successfully. But it is more advisable to begin the formation of orientation in sound reality earlier, in the fifth year, when the child shows the greatest interest in the sound form of language, phonetic accuracy of speech, word creation, and sound games. At 4 and 5 years old, preschoolers are able to distinguish by ear the sounds of their native language from words (vowels and consonants). But at the same time, it was revealed that preschoolers have selective receptivity to learning to read and write. It is this individual ability of each child that must be taken into account when determining the deadline (different for each child) for starting to learn to read and write.
At the age of 4 years, children have a particularly pronounced “linguistic flair” and interest in language. If at 4 years old a child can enthusiastically engage in educational games for 10-15 minutes and shows interest in letters, it is worth trying to start classes in preparation for learning to read and write. But if your four-year-old has not yet learned to focus attention and purposefully carry out developmental tasks, reacts violently to his failures, and is impatient, then it is better to wait.
The age of 5-7 years for most children is the most favorable for the active development of perception, attention, memory, and thinking. A child at this age is physiologically ready for developmental education, he has a desire to learn. This does not mean that all children will master reading skills to the same extent, but they need to start working with them.
Thus, it is recommended to begin preparation for learning to read and write after the age of 5, or better yet, a year before school (i.e., senior preschool age; if earlier, this is already a competition for adults).
When choosing a specific methodology, teachers should take into account that the literacy teaching system used in preschool educational institutions must be combined with the corresponding educational system at school, observing the principle of continuity between the preschool educational institution and the school. In schools, writing is mainly taught using the sound analytical-synthetic method, developed by a team of scientists based on D.B. Elkonina.
Where to start?
Unfortunately, many adults begin teaching their child to read by teaching him all the letters. This is not an entirely correct approach: it can lead to difficulties in the child reading syllables and words together, as well as to “mechanical” reading - in this case, errors may occur when reading and writing. When introducing your child to the world of reading, you must first of all remember that written language is a reflection of spoken language.
. Therefore, getting to know letters and putting them into syllables and words at the initial stage of learning is not at all the main thing.
Hear the word!
So where do you start with literacy lessons? First of all, we must teach the child to hear the sounds of our speech,
teach him to hear
what sounds the words we pronounce are made of,
i.e.
attract the child's attention to the sounding word. Let's try to switch the child's attention from the semantic side of the word to its sound side.
And here the game will come to our aid.
Let's play "bugs" with the baby. “What song does the beetle sing?” asks the adult. “ W-w-w
,” the children answer and, spreading their wings, fly around the room like beetles:
w-w-w.
“Let’s listen, is there a beetle’s song in the word
zh-zh-zhuk
, and in other words:
knife-zh-reapers, hedgehog-zh-zh, butterfly
?”
“Clap if you hear the sound [A] in the word” (we highlight the sound with our voice, “click” on it). You need to start with vowel sounds, then – [M], [N], [R].
“Three words”: I will say three words, and you name the sound that is found in all these words ( u tka,
u shi, u jin).
, is
then from the end (
kino , coat , window ), then from the middle ( cheese , smoke , soap ).
There are many sounds, the pronunciation of which can be played out: stretching out the sound z -
can be compared with the song and flight of a mosquito,
w
- with the hiss of a snake or the rustle of grass, the rapid pronunciation of the sound
p
- with the puffing of a hedgehog,
h
the song of a train,
p
- with the growl of a motor,
with
- the whistle of air when inflating a wheel with a pump (pump song), etc. Each time, be sure to finish this game by naming words in which “the mosquito is ringing,” “the motor is running,” “the titmouse is clicking, tsk-tsk-tsk.”
Try to pronounce words not usually, but especially. So that one sound in it is emphasized, pronounced longer than others, exaggerated. It should be noted that not all sounds in the Russian language are equally easy to highlight: it is easier to emphasize those sounds that can be drawn out (for example, whistling, hissing, sonorant). It is much more difficult to identify sounds such as b, p, d, t .
But it is very important that sounds that are distinguished easily and difficultly alternate and are emphasized intonationally not only
at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end.
And now the first stage of learning is completed: the child easily determines which sound you emphasized, he himself tries or can say the word, highlighting the song-sound intonationally, and can choose words with this sound.
But this does not mean that your child has learned the sound analysis of words.
Sound analysis is the basis of competent writing!
Conduct a sound analysis of words
- this means naming the sounds of a word in the sequence in which they are found in this word.
In order for a child to analyze a phenomenon, it is better to present it materially. Let's draw a diagram of the sound composition of the word: there are three sounds in the word poppy
- let's draw three cells.
Let's give the child a card: a poppy is drawn on it, so that it is clear what word we are going to understand, and under the house there is a diagram of this word. We show him that the cells under the picture tell us how many sounds there are in the word. “How many cells?” - “Three” - “How many sounds are in a word?” - “Also three.” - “Say the word poppy so that I hear the first sound in it.”
“Mmmm-ak,” says the baby. “What is the first sound?” - “M” - “Very good. Let’s cover the first cell with a chip, what sound will it make?” - “M.” We can move on.
“Let's say the word poppy so that we hear the second sound.”
“ma-a-a-ak”
with him You need to pronounce the word and at the same time move your finger or pointer stick along the diagram and stop your finger for a long time on the second cell.
“What is the second sound in this word?” - “O” - “Let’s designate this sound with a chip.”
“Let's find the last sound in this word.” We follow the pattern and pronounce
ma-K
. We define the sound and put it on the diagram.
You can use any material as chips: cut circles out of white cardboard or take an old mosaic and select white or yellow elements from it. Don’t take red, blue, green ones - you’ll need them later.
It would be good to repeat it again. But how? Take off the chips and start over? This is not interesting for the baby. It’s better to play the game “Who’s attentive?” “And now,” you say, “I will name the sound, and you will remove it from the diagram. Check yourself how attentive you are. Please remove the m
sound
a,
sound
k
."
Similarly, analyze the words soup, juice, nose, ball, house, lump, garden, bough, cat, sleep, mouth, moss, onion, son, whale, choir, beetle, bull, varnish, ray, himself, forest, cheese, catfish , fluff, cancer.
When working with a child, you need to remember that we are teaching him the sound analysis of words, teaching him to listen attentively to a word, to hear the sounds of its components in order, so the child must
name the sounds as they are heard
.
At each lesson, you can parse no more than two words, but these words need to be analyzed
in several ways :
- first, children are simply asked to parse a new word;
- then the children, under the dictation of an adult, remove the chips from the diagram in accordance with the called sounds in order;
- then put the chips again and call the sounds not in the same sequence, but separately: this kind of task encourages the child to once again pronounce the word according to the sounds according to the scheme:
- ask: name what sound in the word “…..” third, first, second;
- listen: M
(short pause), A (pause) ,
K. If together, what word will it be?
( poppy ).
If the baby finds it difficult, you can repeat it again or reduce the time intervals between pronouncing sounds.
“Listen: m, a, k
. And together?";
— when conducting sound analysis of words, it is very useful to give tasks for comparisons, juxtapositions, analysis, i.e. the development of speech-mental operations. For example, find the same sounds in the words house
and
poppy, soup
and
bough,
find different sounds in the words
house
and
smoke, catfish
and
sam, onion
and
varnish, bough
and
juice, dream
and
son.
— A more prepared child can be given tasks with words that “don’t have a solution” (find the same sounds in the words house
and
cancer
).
Vowels and consonants
After three-sound (monosyllabic) words have been analyzed, you can introduce something new - teach them to distinguish between vowels and consonants.
Do you think this is difficult for a small child? Not at all! Give him the opportunity to discover the difference between vowels and consonants himself. Here's how to do it.
With your children, identify ball, house, bow, sir, smoke, whale
sounds that are heard in the middle -
a, o, u, e, s, i.
“These sounds are extraordinary; when you pronounce them, nothing in your mouth interferes with you - neither lips, nor teeth, nor tongue.” Check with him to see if this is true. Let the children shout these sounds exaggeratedly, preferably in front of a mirror. After this, the adult combines all these sounds into one group and says that they are called vowels. We will now denote vowel sounds with red chips.
Sometimes, to make it easier for a child to distinguish between vowels and consonants, we tell him that a vowel sound can be drawn out and sung, but a consonant sound cannot be sung. By giving such an explanation, we actually only confuse the child: he begins to consider the sounds r, m, s, l, sh as
, i.e. those consonants that can be drawn out and sung for a long time.
But if we draw the child’s attention to another feature of consonant sounds: when pronouncing them, something always interferes with us - either lips, tongue, then the child will no longer be mistaken.
Tell him: “Indeed, the sound is m
You can drag on for a long time and you can even hum a song, but look how tightly your mouth is closed when you pronounce this sound, your lips prevent it from coming out of your mouth.”
Now that the difference between vowels and consonants has been established, pay attention to the fact that the consonant sounds in a word are pronounced differently - sometimes softly, sometimes hard. If you correctly taught your child to name sounds in words when you conducted a sound analysis, if the child named a consonant sound as it is pronounced in a word, then distinguishing consonants into hard and soft will not cause any difficulties.
We will denote those consonants that sound hard with blue chips, and those consonants that we pronounce softly with green chips. Try to make out with your child the words Nina (n ,
and n a), moon, fox, linden, fly, winter, mint.
Now, when conducting a sound analysis of words, the child must now characterize each sound as a vowel or consonant and use the appropriate chips (these color designations for vowels and consonants correspond to the spelling regime at school).
In sound analysis you should move on to more complex tasks
: to analyze first four-sound and then five-sound words without a combination of consonants:
moon, fish, fox, beads, sleigh, geese, fly, cotton wool, saw.
Then words like:
sugar, wolf, tiger, bush, leaf, stork, spider, bandage, tank, crane, motor.
When you see that the child is fluent in sound analysis of 4-5 sound words, remove the diagram. Invite your child to place the chips directly on the table.
When the child is well versed in the sound side of speech, you can begin to introduce letters
. It is necessary to form clear images of letters in the child.
in unity with preparation for learning to read, also requires its solution.
. However, in work practice, learning to read is often unrelated or ahead of writing.
In the writing mechanism, the interaction of the speech motor and general motor analyzers is of utmost importance. Graphic skills are not only actions based on muscular efforts, but also the recoding of speech units into graphic signs (letters), which requires the correct correlation of sound and letter, compliance with graphic and spelling rules. It is also very difficult for a child to master writing techniques.
Thus, the content of preparation for writing, in addition to intellectual and general speech development, the formation of phonemic perception, ideas about the phenomena of language and speech, sound analysis skills, also includes preparation for mastering writing techniques.
Preparation for mastering writing techniques.
Work on preparing preschoolers for learning to write is carried out in
four main areas
:
1. Preparing your hand for writing.
2. Analytical and synthetic activities.
3. Preparation for writing techniques.
4. Formation of basic graphic skills.
Each direction has its own objectives and
educational content.
These tasks are implemented in the general system of educational work with children.
1. Preparing your hand for writing.
1.1. Develop fine motor skills of the hands.
1.2. Form the correct grip of the writing tool
: the pencil is held with three fingers - thumb, index and middle (pinch). In this case, the pencil lies on the left side of the middle finger. The thumb supports the pencil on the left, and the index finger on top. The upper end of the pencil is directed towards the shoulder. With a correct grip, the index finger should lift easily without the pencil falling.
To develop pinchiness, finger games are used (especially for the thumb and index finger), exercises with a pencil (“Twist the pencil with two fingers, three fingers”), game exercises such as “Let’s add salt to the soup.”
1.3. Exercise in the correct distribution of muscle load of the arm
, which involves rapid alternation of forceful tension and relaxation. (Force tension - when we write from top to bottom; relaxation - when we write from bottom to top.) The formation of the correct distribution of muscle load of the hand is carried out in games such as “Mosaic”, “Lego”, “Constructor”, when working with stamps, in manual labor (for example, manipulation with a needle) during the sculpting process.
2. Analytical and synthetic activities
The writing process implies the child’s ability to analyze and synthesize the graphic image of letters. Older preschoolers work only with printed letters.
2.1. Analysis and synthesis of graphic, conventional images of objects
.
Game exercises in this direction precede work with letters. They are based on the analysis and synthesis of simplified graphic images consisting of elements familiar to children (which allows the child to name the parts that make up the drawing).
2.2. Analysis of the image of letters.
This process consists of the child’s ability to determine:
— number of elements (how many elements make up a letter?);
— characteristics of the elements (what elements are these?);
-spatial arrangement of elements in a letter.
2.3. Synthesis of the image of letters.
A preschooler should not write letters. It is necessary to prepare an image of a letter from paper, cut it into elements and ask the child to recreate the image by composing the elements.
2.4. Differentiation of the image of letters.
In game exercises, the child matches and compares letters that are similar in spelling.
3. Preparation for writing techniques.
3.1. Develop spatial orientation
.
Depending on his abilities, the child learns to navigate in space relative to himself, relative to an object, and relative to the person standing opposite him.
First of all, the child must know where his right (left) side of his body is. During physical education, work on children’s knowledge of orientation both in their parts of the body and in orientation relative to themselves (above the head - up, under the feet - down, behind the back - behind, in front - in front).
When performing orientation tasks, game exercises like “Look to the right (left, up, down) are used. Name what you see.”
The most difficult thing for a child is orientation in relation to the person who is standing opposite. In practice, this could be a teacher. It is more difficult for a child to remember a “mirror” reflection, but he must learn this too with the help of exercises.
Children must “transfer” the acquired knowledge on spatial orientation to a sheet of paper (half A4 size). How correctly a child is oriented on a sheet of paper can be determined using a dictation (each subsequent task is given after the children have completed the previous one): “There is a sheet of paper in front of you. Draw a sun in the upper right corner. Draw a flower in the lower right corner." The dictation continues until all the corners and the middle of the sheet are filled.
To clarify the child’s ideas about the spatial relationships between objects, you can use a plot picture. Tasks of type:
- show which of the birds sits on the tree above and which below, which of them sits above and which below;
- show what is shown in the picture far and what is close;
- compare the objects shown in the picture with each other (above - below, in front - behind, right - left);
- name the location of the images in relation to the child.
Children who have difficulty distinguishing between the left and right sides, when learning to read and write, often have difficulty mastering the visual image of letters (there is a tendency to “mirror” their image). Therefore, in classes with such a child, additional explanations and a sufficient number of exercises should be used to determine the shape, size of objects, their spatial location in relation to the child himself and to each other.
3.2. Develop a sense of rhythm.
Teach children to hear the rhythm and recreate it (based on the model and their own), record the rhythm through rhythmic patterns (borders) and read them.
The rhythm of speech, especially the rhythm of poetry and sayings, contributes to the development of coordination, general and fine voluntary motor skills. With the help of poetic rhythm, the correct tempo of speech and breathing rhythm are developed, speech hearing and speech memory develop. Movements with musical accompaniment have a positive effect on the development of hearing, attention, memory, and form time orientation, that is, the ability to arrange one’s movements in time in accordance with the various metro-rhythmic patterns of a musical work.
The same can be said about performing rhythmic exercises in writing. In the “Border” exercise, the child initially does not see the repetition of elements (rhythm). In this case, rhythm as a concept is new. It is necessary to combine in the child’s mind rhythm as movement and writing (drawing) skills.
3.3. Introduce you to the ruler and learn how
.
In preparation for learning to write, children are introduced to the concept of “ruling,” the “ruler,” and additional reference lines. Through game exercises, they reinforce the ability to navigate the “ruler” and then print elements of letters in it. Printing letters in school font can only be done when the child himself wants to do this and when the prerequisites for writing have been formed.
In a preschool institution, children, due to their age characteristics, are able to understand and remember the rules of lined writing.
3.4. Introduce the rule of drawing
horizontal and vertical lines
and reinforce it in practical exercises of a gaming nature.
Rule: all horizontal lines are drawn from left to right, all vertical and oblique lines are drawn from top to bottom.
First, the child is taught to place dots from which typing and writing begin, then to draw arrows indicating the direction of hand movement. It is necessary that the movement actually begins at the right point and the child learns to understand and feel that the hand can move in different directions according to the instructions and rules of writing. However, there is no need to rush him.
It is also important to explain to children which lines are considered parallel. Violation of parallelism must be shown clearly.
4. Formation of elementary graphic
4.1.Practise conscious typing
of letter elements
(with and without educational lines).
4.2. Conduct exercises that prepare for writing elements of a school
font
(“Lumps”, “Waves”).
The classes include the following types of work
: game exercises for training the movements of fingers and hands, exercises for the development of spatial orientation, writing graphic elements (5 - 10 min.), visual or auditory dictation.
Fine art is also of great importance.
When organizing work on teaching literacy, the teacher always needs to remember the main thing: take into account the characteristics of the preschool child, his interests and needs.
